United Kingdom List of concentration and internment camps

1 united kingdom

1.1 bermuda
1.2 cyprus
1.3 england
1.4 ireland: pre-1922
1.5 isle of man
1.6 kenya
1.7 malaya
1.8 northern ireland
1.9 scotland
1.10 south africa
1.11 wales

united kingdom
bermuda

during second boer war, several small islands in bermuda s great sound used natural concentration camps, despite protest local government. 4,619 boers interned on these islands, compared bermuda s total population of around 17,000; @ least 34 boers died in transit bermuda.

cyprus

after world war ii, british efforts prevent jewish emigration palestine mandate led construction of internment camps in cyprus 30,000 holocaust survivors held @ 1 time prevent entry country. released in february 1949 after founding of israel.

england

during world war irish republicans imprisoned in camps in shrewsbury , bromyard.

during world war ii, initially, refugees had fled germany included, suspected british nazi sympathisers such british union of fascists leader oswald mosley. british government rounded 74,000 german, austrian , italian aliens. within 6 months 112 alien tribunals had individually summoned , examined 64,000 aliens, , vast majority released, having been found friendly aliens (mostly jews); examples include hermann bondi , thomas gold , later members of amadeus quartet. british nationals detained under defence regulation 18b. 2,000 of remainder interned. shipped overseas, halted when german u boat sank ss arandora star in july 1940 loss of 800 internees, though not first loss had occurred. last internees released late in 1945, though many released in 1942. in britain, internees housed in camps , prisons. camps had tents rather buildings internees sleeping directly on ground. men , women separated , contact outside world denied. number of prominent britons including writer h. g. wells campaigned against internment of refugees.

ireland: pre-1922

during irish war of independence of 1919 1921, 12,000 irish people held without trial.

isle of man

view of p.o.w. camp, isle of man. knockaloe internment camp near peel on isle of man, may 1918, pow george kenner.



patrick churchyard - isle of man. section of churchyard set aside graves of turkish internees nearby knockaloe internment camp, housed on 20,000 alien persons during 1914–18 war

although not technically part of united kingdom, during world war united kingdom government interned male citizens of central powers, principally germany, austria-hungary , ottoman turkey on island. held in internment camps @ knockaloe, close peel, , smaller 1 near douglas.

during world war ii isle of man used primary site internment of civilian enemy aliens, both male , female. camps predominantly in commandeered hotels , boarding houses in seaside towns on island. around camps males, barbed wire fences erected , military guard brought on england. low-risk internees were, however, allowed work on farms on island , go on excursions such walks or swim in sea. camps in operation 27 may 1940 5 september 1945. largest recorded number of internees on island 14,000, reached in august 1940. there ten camps on island:

mooragh camp, ramsey
peveril camp, peel
onchan camp, onchan
rushen camp, port st mary , port erin (for female , family internees only)
central camp, douglas
palace camp, douglas
metropole camp, douglas
hutchinson camp, douglas
granville camp, douglas
sefton camp, douglas



kenya

during 1954–60 mau-mau uprising in kenya, camps established hold suspected rebels. unclear how many held estimates range 1.5 million – or practically entire kikuyu population. between 130,000 , 300,000 thought have died result. maltreatment said have included torture , summary executions.

malaya

beginning in 1950, under briggs plan (a response malayan emergency) chinese squatters relocated hundreds of internment camps in various areas of malay peninsula. known new villages, these camps intended become permanent settlements. attacks malayan communist party declined, curfews lifted, fences removed, , camps gradually ceased internment camps. day many villages founded in way known new villages , remain ethnically chinese.

northern ireland

one of famous example of modern internment (and 1 made world headlines) occurred in northern ireland in 1971, when hundreds of nationalists , irish republicans arrested british army , royal ulster constabulary on orders of prime minister of northern ireland, brian faulkner, backing of british government. historians view period of internment inflaming sectarian tensions in northern ireland while failing in stated aim of arresting members of paramilitary provisional ira. many of people arrested unconnected provisional ira but, through bungling , incompetence, had names appear on list of interned, while on 100 ira men escaped arrest. backlash against internment , bungled application contributed decision of british government under prime minister edward heath suspend stormont governmental system in northern ireland , replace direct rule london, under authority of british secretary of state northern ireland.

from 1971 internment began, beginning arrest of 342 suspected republican guerrillas , paramilitary members on august 9. held @ hm prison maze called long kesh detention centre. 1972, 924 men interned. serious rioting ensued, , 23 people died in 3 days. british government attempted show balance arresting loyalist paramilitaries later, out of 1,981 men interned, 107 loyalists. internment ended in 1975, had resulted in increased support ira , created political tensions culminated in 1981 irish hunger strike , death of bobby sands, member of british parliament (anti h-block/armagh political prisoner party.) death resulted in new surge of ira recruitment , activity. imprisonment of people under anti-terrorism laws specific northern ireland continued until friday agreement of 1998, these laws required right fair trial respected. non-jury diplock courts tried paramilitary-related trials, prevent jury intimidation.

many of interned held in detention facility located @ raf long kesh military base, later known long kesh detention centre , becoming majesty s prison maze, outside belfast. internment had been used means of repressing irish republican army. used between 1939–1945 , 1956–1962. on these occasions, internment has had limited success.

scotland

during second world war british government allowed polish government in exile establish , run own internment camps in scotland. locations identified historian simon webb include rothesay on isle of bute, , tighnabruaich on scottish mainland. rothesay used house political enemies of leader of polish government in exile, władysław sikorski, poles considered sikorski s government in exile of being morally dubious. tighnabruaich held criminals under jurisdiction of polish government in exile. webb claims poles later allowed open further camps @ kingledoors, auchterarder , inverkeithing near edinburgh. although deaths, , claims of torture , privations made numerous british members of parliament against internment camps, camps treated sovereign polish territory , local scottish police forces unable investigate happened in them. webb suggests being jewish or suspected communist enough lead polish citizens under jurisdiction of polish government in exile being sent 1 of internment camps.

south africa

lizzie van zyl, shortly before death in bloemfontein concentration camp

the term concentration camp first used british military during boer war (1899–1902). facing attack boer guerrillas, british forces rounded boer women , children black people living on boer land, , sent them 34 tented camps scattered around south africa. altogether, 116,572 boers interned, quarter of population. done part of scorched earth policy deny boer guerrillas access supplies of food , clothing needed continue war.

the camps situated @ aliwal north, balmoral, barberton, belfast, bethulie, bloemfontein, brandfort, east london, heidelberg, heilbron, howick, irene, kimberley, klerksdorp, kroonstad, krugersdorp, merebank, middelburg, norvalspont, nylstroom, pietermaritzburg, pietersburg, pinetown, port elizabeth, potchefstroom, springfontein, standerton, turffontein, vereeniging, volksrust, vredefort, vryburg , winburg.

though not extermination camps, women , children of boer men still fighting given smaller rations others causing mass starvation. poor diet , inadequate hygiene led contagious diseases such measles, typhoid , dysentery. coupled shortage of medical facilities, led large numbers of deaths—a report after war concluded 27,927 boer (of whom 22,074 children under 16) , 14,154 black africans had died of starvation, disease , exposure in camps. in all, 25% of boer inmates , 12% of black african ones died (although recent research suggests black african deaths underestimated , may have been around 20,000).

in contrast these figures, during war british, colonial , south african forces casualties included 5,774 killed in action , 13,250 deaths disease, while boers casualties in transvaal , orange free state december 1901, included 2640 killed in action , 945 deaths disease.

a delegate of south african women , children s distress fund, emily hobhouse, did publicise distress of inmates on return britain after visiting of camps in orange free state. fifteen-page report caused uproar, , led government commission, fawcett commission, visiting camps august december 1901 confirmed report. highly critical of running of camps , made numerous recommendations, example improvements in diet , provision of proper medical facilities. february 1902 annual death-rate dropped 7% , 2%. improvements made white camps not swiftly extended black camps. hobhouse s pleas went unheeded in latter case.

during world war i, south african troops invaded neighboring german south-west africa. german settlers rounded , sent concentration camps in pretoria , later in pietermaritzburg.

wales

during world war i, there concentration camp in frongoch, merionethshire. first german pows held here until 1916, 1,800 irish political prisoners held there following easter rising, including michael collins. prisoners poorly treated , frongoch became breeding ground irish revolutionaries.