Onset Sino-Soviet split

chinese stalinism: mao zedong , enver hoxha, leader of albania

in 1950s, sino-soviet split manifested indirect criticism of opponent s client states. china denounced socialist federal republic of yugoslavia (1945–92) , tito, had pursued non aligned foreign policy; neither pro–russian nor pro–chinese. ussr denounced people s socialist republic of albania , enver hoxha, had refused abandon stalinism , had aligned prc, @ height of de-stalinization of ussr. in china, bao sansan described party s message cadres in china, when khrushchev stopped russian aid albania, hoxha said people: if have eat roots of grass live, won t take russia. china not guilty of chauvinism , sent food our brother country. moreover, in accordance geopolitical circumstance, ussr provided moral support tibetan rebels of 1959 tibetan uprising against prc.

by 1960, sino-soviet split manifested open criticism, when khrushchev , peng zhen openly argued @ congress of romanian communist party khrushchev insulted chairman mao nationalist, adventurist, , deviationist ; peng zhen called khrushchev marxist revisionist régime of ussr showed him patriarchal, arbitrary , tyrannical ruler. in end, premier khrushchev denounced people s republic of china in eighty-page letter romanian communist party congress.

khrushchev further responded mao s criticism withdrawing 1,400 technicians prc, lead cancellation of 200 scientific joint projects intended foster cooperation between russia , china. mao, withdrawal of soviet technicians china justified accusation khrushchev had caused not prc s great economic failures, had caused famines occurred during great leap forward.

as socialist countries, prc , ussr still had reason prefer political unity. in prc, chairman mao needed continue economic relations, alleviate famine in china, , resolve border disputes india. in ussr, premier khrushchev had lost political ground, because of policy of détente u.s. accusations of u.s. espionage against eisenhower government had generated political tensions broke ussr–us diplomacy @ paris summit meeting, worsened relations between american , russian superpowers; , yet, prc remained allied ussr.

in november 1960, @ congress of 81 communist parties in moscow, chinese argued interpretation of marxist doctrine soviets, , of other socialist delegations, yet compromised in effort avoid ideological split among socialist nations. in october 1961, @ 22nd congress of communist party of soviet union ussr , prc renewed conflicting ideological disputes. in december 1961, ussr broke diplomatic relations people s socialist republic of albania, client state of prc. escalating ideological dispute political-party level national level.

when india annexed goa,following demand goa people,who flabbergasted portuguese resistance leave s occupied territory indian annexation of portuguese india in 1961, moscow lauded action while unimpressed beijing declared india s apparent contribution anti-imperialist struggle consists of taking on world s smallest imperialist power.

in 1962, prc , ussr broke diplomatic relations. chairman mao criticized premier khrushchev withdrawing cuban missile crisis (1962), khrushchev has moved adventurism capitulationism . khrushchev replied mao s confrontational policies lead nuclear war. @ same time, ussr supported india against chinese invasion of indian north east in sino-indian war (1962).

the aftermath of cuban missile crisis, placed nuclear disarmament @ foremost in 20th-century geopolitics. limit production of nuclear weapons other nations, ussr, uk, , signed limited test ban treaty (5 august 1963). in time, prc developing own nuclear weapons, , mao saw limited test ban treaty attempt slow china s becoming nuclear superpower. angered khrushchev s failure aggressively deal u.s. premier khrushchev s failure confront west led chairman mao publish 9 (sept. 1963 – july 1964) letters in openly , criticized leadership of nikita khrushchev premier of ussr. after occurrence of sino-soviet split, chairman mao turned countries of asia, africa, , latin america develop new , strong alliances further economic , ideological redevelopment of people s republic of china.

formal ideological statements

the governments of prc , ussr supported actions formal ideological statements. in june 1963, prc published chinese communist party s proposal concerning general line of international communist movement, , ussr replied open letter of communist party of soviet union; such last communications each other, socialists. 1964, chairman mao said counter-revolution in ussr had re-established capitalism; consequently, ussr broke relations prc, , warsaw pact followed soviets.

after leonid brezhnev deposed premier khrushchev in october 1964, chinese prime minister zhou enlai went moscow , met brezhnev , alexei kosygin, new leaders of ussr. meeting soviet leaders went poorly, , disappointed zhou returned china , reported chairman mao soviets remained firm in stance, mao denounced khrushchevism without khrushchev ; mao s dismissal continued sino-soviet split.

china accused soviet union of colluding u.s., e.g. during glassboro summit conference (june 1967), between kosygin , u.s. president lyndon b. johnson, radio peking said discussed great conspiracy on worldwide basis . . . criminally selling rights of revolution of [the] vietnam people, arabs, asian, african, , latin-american peoples u.s. imperialists.