Vicar of Christ Pope Innocent IV

papal bulla of innocent iv

the papal preoccupation imperial matters , secular princes caused spirituality of church suffer. taxation increased in papal states , complaints of inhabitants grew loud , hot.

in august 1253, after worry order s insistence on absolute poverty, innocent approved rule of 2nd order of franciscans, poor clares, founded st. clare of assisi, great friend of st francis.

in 1246 edmund rich, former archbishop of canterbury (died 1240), named saint. in 1250 innocent proclaimed pious queen margaret (died 1093), wife of king malcolm iii of scotland, saint of god. dominican priest peter of verona, martyred albigensian heretics in 1252, raised altars, stanislaus of szczepanów, great polish archbishop of cracow, both in 1253.

creation of concept of persona ficta

innocent iv credited helping create idea of legal personality, persona ficta written, has led idea of corporate personhood. allowed monasteries , universities ability act single legal entity, allowing existence more continuous , monks pledged poverty nonetheless part of organization own infrastructure, fictional people not excommunicated or considered guilty of delict, is, negligence action not contractually required. meant punishment of individuals within organization reflect less on organization if person running such organization said own rather constituent of it, , meant provide stability.