Hattin and its consequences Raymond III, Count of Tripoli

-


the king ordered assembly of troops of kingdom @ saffuriya. raymond joined royal army accompanied knights galilee, leaving wife in tiberias @ head of small garrison. knights county of tiberias came saffuriya. on 2 july 1187, saladin invaded galilee , laid siege town. number of troops outnumbered crusaders more 30%. eschiva sent messengers crusaders camp inform them saladin s attack.


the news siege of tiberias caused new conflict among crusaders, because raymond , ridefort proposed adverse strategies. emphasizing town resist prolonged siege, raymond wanted avoid pinched battle. proposed guy should send envoys antioch , ask bohemond iii send reinforcements. hearing raymond’s proposal, ridefort , châtillon accused him of cowardice, adding passivity cost king kingdom. since king willing accept raymond s proposal, ridefort reminded him raymond s previous alliance saladin. finally, king decided attack , ordered army march towards tiberias.


as lord of region, raymond appointed guide army across galilee. after saladin s troops started attacking templars @ rear, crusaders halted @ maskana, although local not provide enough water large army. ernoul blamed raymond decision, anonymous author of libellus de expugnatione terrae sanctae per saladinum, participated in campaign, stated king decided stop, ignoring raymond s advice. saladin s troops encircled crusaders camp , killed crusaders left in searh water. following day army continued march towards tiberias, raymond commanding vanguard, saladin s troops continuously attacking them. suffering thirst, group of foot soldiers tried break through enemy lines towards distant sea of galilee, massacred. 5 of raymond s own knights voluntarily defected saladin s side. in attempt reach springs near hattin, raymond led cavalry charge against right wing of saladin s army, forcing muslim troops open free pass without resistance. instead of turning back, raymond , crusaders had accompanied him (including reynald of sidon, balian of ibelin , joscelin iii of edessa) hurried first safed, , later tyre.


the rest of crusader army annihilated. raymond s many vassals—plivain of botrun, hugh ii embriaco , melioret of maraqiyya—fell captivity. defenseless towns not resist , saladin captured of them during following month. eschiva of bures voluntarily surrendered tiberias saladin , joined raymond in tyre. embriaco surrendered fief of jubayl saladin in exchange release on 4 august. after saladin occupied beirut on 6 august, raymond fled tripoli, because thought saladin capture tyre. old allies, balian of ibelin , raynald of sidon, joined him.


raymond fell ill in tripoli. baha ad-din ibn shaddad recorded raymond suffered pleurisy. other sources—ernoul, estoire de eracles , abu l-fida—emphasized raymond s sorrow crusaders catastrophic defeat @ hattin caused illness. having no children, raymond willed county of tripoli eldest son of bohemond iii of antioch, raymond, godson. contemporaneous ralph of diceto recorded raymond died fifteen days after fall of jerusalem, is, on 17 october 1187. historian lewis proposes raymond died in september.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Causes Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental

-
the causes led king john vi of united kingdom of portugal, brazil , algarves, court had been installed in rio de janeiro since 1808, embark on invasion of banda oriental can divided general , circumstantial. among first located in main place, former portuguese aspiration bring frontiers of brazil coast of rio de la plata (portuguese: rio da prata), arguing matched tordesillas line spain , portugal had divided world in 1494. reason, region of rio de la plata border area between spain , portugal, , such, highly conflictive area , theater of bloody battles on centuries, after american colonies became independent of european powers. the río de la plata strategic because starting point of large river basin, fifth in world, goes heart of south america, near mining areas in potosi (current bolivia), through paraguay, mato grosso , reaching são paulo. additionally, banda oriental, in eighteenth , nineteenth centuries, area of major agricultural wealth, organized on old dairy , beef production,...
Read more

History The Vandals

-
1 history 1.1 years (1980-1984) 1.2 quackenbush, fitzgerald, , freese join (1984-1989) 1.3 role in 90s punk revival (1990-2000) 1.4 kung fu records years (2000-present) history early years (1980-1984) the vandals formed in 1980 in huntington beach, california guitarist jan nils ackermann. vocalist steven ronald stevo jensen (1959-august 21, 2005) found , , ackermann practiced , performed rotating cast of other members before permanent lineup coalesced include bassist steve human pfauter , drummer joe escalante. other members included steve gonzalez on bass , vince mesa on drums. the band built reputation in los angeles , orange county punk rock community included bands such bad religion, descendents, black flag, t.s.o.l., x, germs, suicidal tendencies, dickies, , social distortion. vandals distinguished in scene sticking humorous subject matter rather typical social , political topics addressed punk bands of time. the vandals performing in tucson, arizona in 1984, showing original...
Read more

Publications Daniel Kolak

-
1 publications 1.1 books 1.2 articles , chapters 1.3 papers , talks 1.4 lovers of wisdom website publications books the 3 pillars of wisdom, new york: rowman , littlefield, 2007. socrates on trial, new york: pearson/longman, 2007. philosophy of religion, new york: longman, 2007. cognitive science (w/ w. hirstein, p. mandik , j. waskan) london: routledge, 2006. the longman standard history of philosophy (w/ g. thomson), new york: pearson/longman, 2005. the longman standard history of 20th century philosophy (w/ g. thomson), pearson/longman, 2005. the longman standard history of 19th century philosophy (w/ g. thomson), pearson/longman, 2005. the longman standard history of modern philosophy (w/ g. thomson), new york: pearson/longman, 2005. the longman standard history of medieval philosophy (w/ g. thomson), new york: pearson/longman, 2005. the longman standard history of ancient philosophy (w/ g. thomson), new york: pearson/longman, 2005. i you: metaphysical foundations global ethics, do...
Read more