Origins Sino-Soviet split

chinese stamp commemorating sino-soviet treaty of friendship, alliance , mutual assistance (1950)



communist states in 1980: pro-soviet (red), pro–chinese (yellow), non-aligned north korea , yugoslavia (black). somalia pro-soviet until 1977, , democratic kampuchea (cambodia) pro–chinese until 1979.

in liberating china foreign occupation, leader of communist party of china (cpc), mao zedong fought 2 wars; second sino-japanese war (1937–45) against imperial japan, , chinese civil war (1927–49), against nationalist kuomintang, led generalissimo chiang kai-shek, anti-communist. moreover, because of practical difficulty in adapting european leninism agrarian china, mao ignored of politico-military advice , direction josef stalin , comintern.

during second world war (1939–45) stalin advised mao enter anti-japanese-coalition chiang kai-shek. after war, stalin advised mao against seizing power , collaborate nationalists, because of stalin s treaty of friendship , alliance (1945) kuomintang; in communist solidarity, mao abided stalin. in event, gen. chiang kai-shek opposed ussr s annexation of tannu uriankhai; 3 months after japanese surrender, stalin broke treaty requiring soviet withdrawal manchuria, gave mao control of region, , ordered gen. rodion malinovsky give japanese army s spoils of war chinese communists.

meanwhile, in 1945–49 period of civil war against chinese communists, chiang kai-shek received no u.s. assistance during berlin blockade (1948–49), while berlin airlift of u.s. air force thwarted soviet interference in allied-occupied germany. hence, u.s. did not resume anti-communist kuomintang until losing liaoshen, huaihai, , pingjin campaigns, , chinese civil war.

as head-of-state of peoples republic of china, mao visited moscow (dec. 1949 – feb. 1950) , returned china sino-soviet treaty of friendship (1950), included $300 million loan , 30-year military alliance. under soviet guidance, prc applied soviet model of centralised planned economy; planning , development made heavy industry priority , consumer-goods production second priority. despite soviet guidance, mao developed basic ideas of china s great leap forward (1958–61), agrarian society industrial society.

ideologically, justify realising modernisation of china, mao argued orthodox marxism, rooted in industrialized europe, not readily adapted , applied agricultural societies of eastern asia, , adapted marxism chinese socio-economic conditions. in 1947, mao sent journalist anna louise strong documents west, , “show them party leaders in united states , europe”, not necessary take them moscow . mao s trust in strong derived article “the thought of mao tse-tung” , book dawn comes thunder out of china: intimate account of liberated areas in china (1948), reporting mao s intellectual feat “to change marxism european [form] asiatic form . . . in ways of neither marx nor lenin dream”; book banned in ussr, anti-soviet literature.